Assalamu Alaikum
I hope you are all well by the grace of God.
My previous three episodes: -
Episode 1: - Some of the best Muslim scientists in history and they are famous for that reason
Episode 2: - Some of the best Muslim scientists in history and they are famous for that reason
Episode 3: -Some of the best Muslim scientists in history and they are famous for that reason.
7. Ibn al-Haysam (father of optics)
Ibn Haysam was born in Basra in 965 AD. His full name is Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Haysam. In the Western world he is known as Al Hazen. Probably from elementary to higher education, all he got in Baghdad. He was the son of a rich family. As it was more expensive at that time, only the richest sections of the society could get higher education.
Like other Muslim families, Ibn al-Haysam's educational career began with a religious education from a maktab in Basra. He was known as the greatest mathematician of his time. This is why the historian Bayhaqi refers to him as Ptolemy II. But modern world civilization has identified him as the father of 'optic' (ophthalmology). According to Professor Marton, his talent was amazing.
The European professor spoke in praise of science. An important event in his life was his visit to the kingdom of the then Caliph Hakim in Cairo. He presented to the Caliph Hakim a long-planned scientific plan for improved cultivation with the Nile Dam. The caliph took a good look at the plan and without hesitation gave Haysam a high-ranking job in the revenue department.
He quickly realized the unworkability of his plan. The then Caliph of Cairo was known as the insane caliph for his various arbitrary activities, needless to say, he fell into the wrath of the Caliph. But there is a conventional story here. Failing to do so,
Haitham pretended to be mad at the caliph's wrath and remained under house arrest until the death of the caliph! While under house arrest, he wrote his best-selling book, Kitab al-Manazir (Book of Optics), which is considered one of the most influential books in the history of physics, along with Newton's Principia mathematics. Scientists such as Roger Bacon and Johann Kepler Was.
His book, published in seven volumes, is a contemporary of optics, radically changing the minds of future generations of scientists. Until then, scientists had the idea that when light from an eye falls on an object, we can see that object. This was the idea of Aristotle.
But Haitham proved it wrong with various arguments. For example, we can see distant stars as soon as we meet their eyes. How strong is the light in our eyes that it travels so far and reaches the star in an instant? He was the first person to declare that as soon as light comes to our eyes from an object, we see that object. He also tested and proved that light travels in a straight line. Snell's sign formula was in fact invented by him. However,
Haitham could not explain his scientific evidence or mathematical explanation. He also described the first camera obscura - a small perforated box that could precisely project any image onto the screen for any image size - and which is the predecessor of the modern camera.
He was the first to study in detail the optical illusion of light and the way people see and the thought process behind it. Also his immortal works include Analysis and Synthesis, Balance of Wisdom, Configuration of the World, Opsculus, Motion of Each of the Seven Planets, Treatments on Light, Treatments on Plus, The Resolution, etc. He wrote about the moon. About moonlight).
Al-Hazen discusses optics, the structure of the eye, the reflection inside the eye, and argues in an article by the philosopher Ian P. Howard Perception that Ibn al-Haytham should be credited with various inventions and theories.
Which are generally referred to as Western Europeans, although they were written centuries later.
According to most historians, Ibn al-Haysam was a proponent of the modern scientific method. Prior to that, the method used by scientists to conduct scientific experiments and observations was not appropriate.
As a result, Haitham is often called the first 'modern scientist'. He introduced rigorous experimental methods to reach any scientific conclusion. His method of experimentation is very similar to that of modern scientific methods. There are seven steps in his observation process:
1. Observation 2. Problem specification
3. Guess the solution 4. Verify the guess through the test 5. Analyze the test results 6. Analyze the facts, compare and decide 6. Reveal the results According to Professor Marton, al-Beruni, Ibn Sina, and Ibn al-Haysam were the best in the field of experimentation.
In addition to the Book of Optics, he wrote Risala Phil-Dao or Treatises of Light on optics. Here he discusses light refraction, scattering, eclipse, rainbow, hyperbolic glass, magnification glass etc. He also discusses the biological structure and dissection of the eye.
He did so much research on lighting that it would take several different articles to describe them in detail! He discusses the effect of music on animals in his book Nafusi Haiwaliyah. Tashriqul Insan Ilal discusses death in Maut. Ibn al-Haytham has also done extensive research on astronomy.
He discusses acceleration due to the invisible attraction between different masses (what gravity did he know!). In his book Makala Fe'il Karastun, he discusses the center of attraction of various objects which we know as the 'Center of Gravity'. On the other hand, he also discusses the motion of objects in Risala Fe'l Maken or Treatises of Place.
Unfortunately, most of his work has been lost in both cases. Otherwise the Earth might have got important information about gravity before Newton. Ibn Haysam, in his book Mizanul Hikma, discusses the relationship between the center of gravity and the center of perpendicularity, as well as the position of the nikti and the iron scales in a stable and swaying position. His infallible idea of the interrelationship of time with the distance and kinetic energy of the deviated object, and his clear idea of capillary, are early contributions to science.
The book specifically discusses the increased density of atmospheric loads. This scientist Arae has clearly proved that the weight of the same thing depends on the difference in light and density of air. In 1036, Ibn al-Haytham published Motion of Ech of the Seven Planets. In this book he mainly discusses the motions of planets, stars and stars in space. However very little has been found in this book. According to many historians, Haitham's 'Motion of Ich of the Seven Planets' had a significant influence on astronomy during the Renaissance in medieval Europe. However, it is not known exactly how it was lost.
In mathematics, Ibn al-Haytham has worked on particles, numerology, and analytical geometry. He made some significant advances in Euclidean geometry. He also corrected the geometric errors of the equilateral triangle of Greek scientists. He created an editorial in the fifth volume of the Book of Optics which was quite popular in Europe during the Renaissance as the ‘Al Hazen’s Problem’
Mathematicians like Christian Higgins, Isaac Barrow, James Gregory tried to solve his algebraic algebra. Haitham developed analytical geometry by establishing links between algebra and geometry. He did not create a formula for adding the first 100 real numbers.
However, he proved the formula in a geometric way. Moreover, he has done some important work on the whole number in 'Analysis and Synthesis'. He invented the even-numbered formula (2n − 1 (2n - 1)). However, he could not prove the formula. The mathematician Euler proved this formula in the 19th century. One of his contributions is the discussion of physics using mathematics. One of the concepts of integral calculus was the method he used to find the sum of the fourth power of a sequential natural number to determine the size of a parabola.
The total number of works of Ibn al-Haytham is more than two hundred, of which 97 are scientific. However, only 46 of them have survived at present. Yet those 48 have established him as one of the best researchers, observers and scientists of all time. His Book of Optics is still taught at the best universities in the world. In his honor, a crater on the moon was named 'Al Hazen'. An asteroid named 'Asteroid 59239 Al Hazen' was also named in his honor. In 2015, on the occasion of the International Year of Light, the United Nations celebrated the 1,000th anniversary of Ibn al-Haytham's work in the field of optics. The problem that Ibn Haytham solved with regard to the focus of the galactic lens on Ala's motion is still known in Europe as Al Hazen's Prolem.
In the book Makalatu Phil Majrat, Ibn Haysam has left a detailed discussion and discovery about the stellar position of the galaxy in space. He has even traced what was not caught in Ptolemy's eye. He wrote more than two hundred books, but only 55 are still alive. Some of his works have been preserved only in Latin translations. In the Middle Ages, his books were translated into Hebrew, Latin, Persian, etc. So far,
Ibn Haysam's 25 books have been translated into Latin, Hebrew, and Spanish, and a total of 182 books have been found. The rest may have been lost after being crushed under the weight of negligence. However, the few that are there are enough to give weight to everyone and one of the examples is Kitab al-Manazir (Book of Optics) which was one of his best discoveries. Ibn Haysam, the world's greatest physicist, died in 1038 in Cairo, the capital of Egypt.
8. Ibn Rushd (who established unity between philosophy and religion)
Ibn Rushd was born in 1128 into a famous aristocratic family in Cোrdoba. His full name was Abul Walid Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Rushd. He was better known in the West as Averros. His ancestors played a prominent role in Spanish politics. The chief justice of Andalusia was his grandfather and also a renowned scholar of the Maliki school. Ibn Rushd was a devoted spiritualist.
He was a loyal servant of God in words and deeds. As a child and teenager, he was educated in Crdoba. Among the teachers from whom he studied knowledge were Ibn Baja and Abu Jafar Harun. He took the opportunity to study at the C্ডrdoba Library. This library had a collection of 5 lakh books. He read many basic books in this huge collection. This library was established by Al Hakam. He was the famous caliph of the Umayyad dynasty in Spain.
He had an infinite interest in the pursuit of knowledge. Due to his talent and genius, the fame of Qur'an, Hadith, science, law, medicine, his scholarship and work skills spread all over the country in a very short period of time. He discusses philosophy, medicine, mathematics and physics in all his spare time. It is said that he did not leave his studies on any other night except the night of his marriage and his father's death.
On the other hand, impressed by the fame and prestige of his treatment, Caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf appointed him as the royal physician after the death of the eminent philosopher and physician Ibn Tayfail in 1172 AD, and later Yaqub's son Khalifa Yaqub and Manusur also appointed Ibn Rushd as the physician. In fact, Ibn Rushd's conquest began there. According to him, he was able to be the father of surgery. He continued to serve as the personal physician of Caliph Yaqub al-Mansur. Al-Mansur was the son of Caliph Ibn Yaqub.
He expressed strong doctrines on his philosophy and religion and reconciled philosophy with Islam. When he began to express his views on theology and philosophy, the caliphs would become annoyed and angry at his fearless and clear doctrine. Eventually, Caliph Yaqub al-Mansur removed him from the post of chief justice. The caliph was not satisfied with this either. In 1119, the caliph deported him to Elisas, near C করrdoba. In 1198, the caliph, realizing his mistake, sent a letter to Ibn Rushd and reinstated him. But he could not use this opportunity for long.
This Muslim scholar left Ihlaq in 1199 AD. He has written about 20 books on medical science. Most of these have been translated into English, Latin and German. In medicine he provided new theories of stroke and for the first time described Parkinson's disease. He was probably the first to realize that the retina is the real site of photosensitivity.
One of his most notable books on medical science is Al-Quliyat Fit-Tib (the Latin name in the West is Colliget). . This is a master's work in medicine. Ibn Rushd wrote this book before 1162 AD. It covers three basic medical disciplines: anger analysis, cure, and prevention. The book contains the latest mention of Ibn Sina al-Qanun. In this book, he has described the names, symptoms and treatment methods of innumerable rages. It contains the real observations of Ibn Rushd.
Translated into Latin, the book has been used as a standard textbook for centuries of medical education in Europe. He published three critiques of Aristotle's work. That is why he is known in the West as The Commentator and the Father of Rationalism. The sixth critical article was Jami '. The medium-sized book was Talkhis and the detailed book was Tafsis. In fact, Tafsis was his main contribution. In it, Abu Rushd presented his own analysis.
The basis of this analysis was the interpretation of the Qur'an. Kitab fi Harakat al-Falaq is a book on astrology by Ibn Rushd. In this book he discusses the motion of the earth. He also discusses the motion of the galaxy in this book. His book 'Al Majest' is divided into two parts. One part describes the earth. The other part deals with the motion of the earth. The book was translated from Arabic into Hebrew in 1231 AD. Jacob Anatuli was the translator of the two books. Jacob Anatuli in another identity. Ibn Rushd also acquired knowledge in the world of music. He wrote a book criticizing Aristotle's book on music,
De Anima. It was translated into Latin by a translator named Michelle the Scott. One of his most notable works on religion and philosophy is Tahzul al-Tahzul, whose English translation is The Incoherence of the Incoherence. Ibn al-Abbar says that Ibn Rushd wrote a book of 20,000 pages. These are mainly books on philosophy, medicine and basic law. He has written only about medicine, 20 books according to him. The most important book on the philosophy of Ibn Rushd is: Bidayat al-Muktased wa Nehayet al-Muktased.
Also, according to the orientalist Ernest Renan, there are at least six unique works by Ibn Rushd; Among them are 27 philosophies, 20 treatises on medicine, 6 on jurisprudence, 5 on theology and 4 on grammar, along with commentary on the lion's share of Aristotle's work and lectures on Plato's Republic. Mostly only Hebrew and Latin translations are available. It has been possible, for example, to recover the original Arabic manuscripts of very few of his long explanations on Aristotle. It is considered the best book in the jurisprudence of the Maliki community.
Ibn Rushd's books have been translated mainly into European Latin, English, German, Hebrew, etc. His philosophy books are preserved in Hebrew. A few books are available in the form of original Arabic manuscripts. It was more acceptable in the West than in the East. This scholar wrote many books on philosophy, theology, law, astronomy, grammar, medical science, etc. But many of his books are almost extinct today due to lack of preservation. Plato's Republic, Galen's Treatise on Fever, is lost in his critical writings on al-Farabi's logic.
About 6 books made by him are available now. Ibn Rushd is considered one of the foremost thinkers and scientists of the twelfth century. In 1983, an asteroid was named '6317-Avers' in honor of the Russians. A special species of plant is called 'Averoa' in honor of Ibn Rushd. Moreover, a crater of the moon is named after him 'Ibn Rushd'.
