11. Ibn Khaldun (the original father of sociology)
Ibn Khaldun is one of the best philosophers in the Muslim world. Ibn Khaldun was one of the Muslim scholars who made an outstanding contribution to the practice of science in the Middle Ages. Rabat Kint says of him, 'In history, in science or in philosophy, in Arabic literature, Ibn Khaldun is embellished with a single brilliant name. In classical or medieval Christendom it does not match the brilliant name. Plato, Aristotle and Augustine were not equal to him, and all others are unworthy of mention. (Muslim Manisha, pp. 217-18).
Renowned Arab researcher P. K. Hitty's remarks are recalled, No Arab writer, not even a European, has been able to make the study of history so comprehensive, scientific, and objective. Considering his unique thinking and fundamental contributions, Robert Flint opined that "Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau were not equal; And all these names are not suitable for pronouncing with his name. ” According to de Boer, Ibn Khaldun came up with a new philosophical path that Aristotle had no idea about. And in Margoliath's view, Ibn Khaldun did not dream of building an ideal state like Aristotle. According to him, Through Ibn Khaldun, human affairs follow a natural course and historical events are repeated in stages.
He is simultaneously a historian, economist, sociologist and philosopher. Many consider him one of the fathers of modern sociology, history and economics. Ibn Khaldun, the greatest sociologist of all time, was born in the city of Tunis on May 27, 1332 AD. His full name is Abdur Rahman Wali Uddin Ibn Muhammad Ibn Khaldun. Khaldun is the title of the clan. His predecessors came from Yemen and settled in Tunis. His grandfather was a minister in the Sultan of Tunisia. Father was very thirsty for knowledge. From an early age, Ibn Khaldun was engaged in the pursuit of knowledge.
His intellect and memory were wonderful. At the age of 15, he completed the teaching of Tafsir of the Holy Quran. He had a keen interest in pursuing knowledge in philosophy, politics, economics, sociology, history, etc. Whenever he found a book on any subject, he would finish it. As a result, at a young age, he gained a deep knowledge of various subjects.
At this important time in the life of this wise man, who was intoxicated with the pursuit of knowledge, a terrible calamity befell him. In 1349, Tunisia was hit by a plague called 'Plague'. In this epidemic, he lost many friends including his parents, teachers, relatives. Katar Ibn Khaldun mourned the loss of his parents. Just then there was an extreme shortage in his family.
In 1352, in search of a livelihood, he took a job as a personal assistant to the then Sultan of Tunisia. He got married in 1354 AD. However, family life could not be an obstacle in the way of acquiring his knowledge. At one point he became involved in politics and moved to Andalusia.
There, at the request of the Sultan of Granada, he took charge as ambassador to the state of Castile. In 138 he returned to Tunisia and, at the request of the Sultan, served as a minister in the state of Bugi. The history of the world shows that almost every scholar has not been given dignity in his homeland but has been persecuted, expelled and conspired against. Ibn Khaldun is no different from them. He did not stay long in the Tunisian state of Bugi.
There he fell victim to a political conspiracy. So he left the state to save his life and moved to the state of Telemchin. When Sultan Abdul Aziz Ibn Al Hassan of Morocco captured the kingdom of Telmechin, he was taken prisoner by the Sultan. Then Sultan Ibn Khaldun, impressed by his genius, ordered his release.
He later moved to Andalusia again, concentrating on historiography. But due to political conspiracy, he could not stay here for long. As a result, at one point he left Andalusia for North Africa, where he began to study science. At one time Ibn Khaldun's influence and fame spread in North Africa. In addition to acquiring knowledge, he became engaged in human service. He extended a helping hand to the poor, helpless and oppressed people.
He later moved to the African province of Banu Arif and began to live in peace. With the security and cooperation of the Sultan here, he wrote his world-famous book 'Al Muqaddima'. It was through this book that he gained a reputation as one of the greatest sociologists, historians and philosophers
The word 'mukaddima' means foreword. In Muqaddima, Ibn Khaldun has tried to explain the rise and fall of dynasties. This is like a side stone. With the help of which it is possible to judge the credibility of the statements of history.
A. J. According to Toynbee,
Al-Muqaddimah is one of the best of all, and the best of all time.
And in the eyes of George Sarton,
Al-Muqaddimah, the greatest and most interesting example of medieval thought.
Historian Toynbee said
The immortal glory that Ibn Khaldun has left behind in his four years of labor is comparable to that of Khusidaids or Machiavelli in the vastness of his thinking and the fertility of his imagination. The radiance from which the radiance of his mind shone is unique in comparative judgment, for Thucydides, Machiavelli, and Clarenton were radiant in time and place, but Ibn Khaldun's radiant was alone in his horizon. He also embodied the idea of history and philosophy, which is still being hailed as the best creation of manna of all time and place.
The basic schools of thought that he introduced in this book are still rare in the world today. He mentioned in this book that it is not the job of historians to record the details and events of history, but also to analyze the reasons for the rise and fall of the nation.
He himself has explained the reasons for the rise and fall of different nations in his book 'Al Muqaddima'. In this way he showed unprecedented determination in writing history.
In this book, he laid the foundation of state philosophy on Asabia theory or group solidarity. Asceticism serves as the main driving force behind the rise or fall of a state.
Asabia basically means the united mind of a tribe. Civilization was born out of a united mindset. Therefore, in order to sustain civilization, he has presented the philosophy of preserving the state along with unity. The main goal of Asabia is to establish authority. It needs the same power as the Sangh, because without this power the Sangh is insignificant in protecting the life and property of the people.
However, Ibn Khaldun thinks that religion may not be the main regulator for asbia or group unity, but it is also true that the Prophet was able to establish unity through public religious preaching. Ibn Khaldun thinks that
The family mentality is primarily born of the family mentality, the state expands from the tribe and then multiple successes arise in the place of a single success of the same feeling through the tribe. The state emerges when a single mind conquers all other minds.
Ibn Khaldun has shown some similarities of Islam with Asabiyya. He says-
Allah Ta'ala has bestowed some kindness and love on the human mind which has become a deep attraction to their descendants and relatives. He thinks that it is possible to create fear in the mind of the enemy through this. In this regard, he has presented a verse of the Qur'an:
"They told their father that if he was eaten by a tiger, we would be a tribe there, so we would be the losers."
Then it is seen that Ibn Khaldun has presented philosophy as a source of unity and a means of gaining power through Asabiya theory. In this case, he has been inspired by the above verses of the Qur'an and various events related to the history of Islam.
He believes that asceticism is important for propagating religion. In this argument he explains the interpretation of the hadith that Allah sends every prophet among the resisting tribes of his nation.
Ibn Khaldun's scientific philosophy was somewhat similar to that of Imam Ghazzali. He divided science into two parts. Religious science and ungodly science. The main ideology of his philosophy was to combine religion and science.
He returned to his native Tunisia in 1360, but was not respected by the people of his homeland. Finally moved to Egypt in 1372 AD. There he was appointed professor at Al-Azhar University and was later appointed chief justice by the Sultan of Egypt. He spent about 24 years in Cairo, Egypt. It was here that he wrote his autobiography, At-Tariq.
He discovered many new facts about social science and evolution. Ibn Khaldun was the first to invent new information on evolution. His book Al-Ibar on history is the world's first and largest history book.
Ibn Khaldun's fame spread throughout the world after his various works were translated into various languages in Europe. It is to be noted that there was a time when the Muslim nation was at the forefront of knowledge, science, art and literature in the world.
Later, the knowledge of the Muslim scholars of the Lakes of Europe, who practiced science and art literature, has gradually reached the peak of development today. But the Muslim nation, ignoring the vast knowledge of their predecessors, has become an illiterate, poor and dependent nation in the world today.
In 1400, the victorious King Timur invaded Syria and prepared for an expedition to Egypt. It was at this time that Ibn Khaldun, at the request of the Sultan of Egypt, came to the court of King Timur with a proposal for a peace treaty. After a long discussion, King Taimur Ibn Khaldun, impressed by his knowledge, intellect and genius, accepted his offer of peace. Timur announced the suspension of his expedition to Egypt.
Thus Ibn Khaldun, with his knowledge and talent, saved the country and the nation from an inevitable conflict. At the special request of King Timur, Ibn Khaldun stayed in Damascus for some time. Then he returned to Egypt. Ibn Khaldun died on the 25th of Ramadan in 606 AH (March 19, 1406 AD) while he was still a famous scholar in Egypt. He was 74 years old at the time of his death.
Some famous sayings of Ibn Khaldun-
"The humble nature of an uneducated person is more admirable than that of an arrogant scholar."
"People are just stupid, and they are educated through knowledge."
"Habit is the quality of the soul."
"Geometry develops human intellect and directs thinking in the right direction."
For this wise Muslim nation, the knowledge that history has left will forever be immortal.
12. Abdus Salam (a scientist who won the Nobel)
The science of medieval knowledge is the golden chapter of Islam. Later, Muslims could no longer hold on to success in the field of knowledge science. As a result, there was a long-standing separation between the medieval epistemology and the modern-day Muslim epistemologists. In the age of modern science, Professor Abdul Salam, a scholar-scientist, broke that isolation.
He is a successful meritorious race. Nabel is a scientist who deserves to be conquered. Moreover, he established himself as one of the dynamic leaders of Third World scientists. Modern scientist Professor Abdus Salam was a unique example of modern scientific research.
He was always trying to put an end to the vague conflict between science and Islam that exists in today's society. He has established this: There is no conflict between Islam and science. He strongly believed that science was born and raised on the cradle of Islamic wisdom.
Professor Salam was born on 29 January 1926 in Jung, Punjab Province, Pakistan.
Hajera Begum and Muhammad Hassan were the parents of Professor Salam. He was the first of the parents' seven children. His father, Muhammad Hussein, was a teacher.
He was born on 29 January 1926 in the Santokdas area of Sahial Jhela in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Abdus Salam, a brilliant man, started learning at home from the age of three. He was extremely interested in reading and writing. In 1932, at the age of six, Abdus Salam was admitted to class three at the local Zhang school without being admitted to class one.
His father enrolled his son in 1938 at the Central Muslim Model School in Lahore to teach him good English. In the first periodical examination of the new school, Abdus Salam got the first place by getting 591 marks out of the total 600 marks. In 1940, Abdus Salam took the first stand in the metric examination. Achieved the highest score among the examinees of Lahore.
Abdus Salam wanted to be a government servant. Simply put, you will join the civil service. Due to World War II, the civil service was closed during his time. He moved to Cambridge.
Professor Abdus Salam's true journey into the world of physics began in 1948 when he came to study at Cambridge. Professor Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi failed to find unity between the gravitational ball and other forces, so Professor Abdus Salam came to Cambridge and succeeded in his research.
In 1950, the University of Cambridge awarded Abdus Salam the Smith Prize for his significant contributions to physics. The following year, in 1951, he received a PhD in theoretical physics. Two of his research papers were published in the famous physics journal Physical Review.
Abdus Salam's first important research at Cambridge was to eliminate an inconsistency in theoretical physics. So far there has been no theory that can calculate the infinite mass of an electron and the infinite electric charge. Physicists Julian Swinger, Richard Feynman and Sinitro Temonaga showed how to refine the electromagnetic theory, and Abdus Salam did the same with the Mason theory of the nuclear ball. In Mason Field Theory, Abdus Salam discovered the method of eliminating the infinite number that arises. This method is called re-generalization of salam. The University of Cambridge awarded the Hopkins Prize to Abdus Salam in 1956 for this significant contribution to physics.
Abdus Salam's second notable contribution was the use of group theory in mathematics to classify elementary particles. In 1970, some Japanese scientists first proposed that known elementary particles (electrons, protons and neutrons) were made up of three more elementary particles, later named quarks. Abdus Salam was the first non-Japanese scientist to adopt this idea. Quark-theory of matter is now established.
Abdus Salam's most notable contribution is of course the theory of the combination of electromagnetic forces and weak nuclear forces. For which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989. Abdus Salam was the first Muslim Nobel laureate scientist.
Abdus Salam has left his timeless signature in various parts of particle physics through nearly fifty years of relentless research. He has also received recognition for his research. Maxwell Prize of the Physical Society of London (1981). In 1984 he received the Hughes Award from the Royal Society of London. Received the Atom's Peace Medal in 1986. The Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Medal in 1981, the Gathiri Medal of the London Institute of Physics in 1986, the Sir Devprasad Gold Medal of the University of Calcutta, the Metrutic Medal in Rome in 1968 and the Royal Medal of the Royal Society of London. The 1979 Nobel Prize, UNESCO's Einstein Medal. After receiving the Nobel Prize, the number of awards and medals naturally increased a lot. In addition to numerous awards, more than thirty-five universities around the world have conferred honorary DSC degrees on Professor Abdus Salam.
In 1956, the Punjab University conferred the honorary DSC degree on Abdus Salam. In 1958, the University of Cambridge awarded the Hopkins Prize to Abdus Salam for his significant contributions to physics. Another notable contribution of Abdus Salam is the use of group theory of mathematics for the classification of elementary particles.
In 1959, Abdus Salam was given the title of Sitara-e-Pakistan. He was appointed a member of the National Science Commission of Pakistan and an advisor to the Education Commission.
The National Space Research Center of Pakistan was established in 1971 under the leadership of Professor Abdus Salam. In 1965, the Pakistan Atomic Research Center was established under the leadership of Abdus Salam. In 1962, Pakistan adopted the Atomic Energy Project. The main purpose is to respond to India's nuclear program. Professor Abdus Salam was appointed as the Chief Scientific Adviser for the project. Its design was completed in 1986.
Professor Abdus Salam's most notable contribution was the theory of the integration of electromagnetic forces and weak nuclear forces. For which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979.
Professor Salam passed away on 21 November 1996 at the age of 80.
According to his last wish, he was buried in Asmadi, Pakistan.
The epitaph of Salam's grave read, "First Muslim Nobel Laureate." Even two years after Salam's death, this epitaph was not released. Because Abdus Salam belonged to the Ahmadiyya community.
The word 'Muslim' was removed on the instructions of a local magistrate. The empty space in the epitaph now simply reads, 'First__Nobel Laureate'.
